Application of fascial space priority approach for pelvic exenteration / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Locally advanced tumor with involvement of surrounding tissues and organs is a common situation in pelvic malignancies. Up to 10% of newly diagnosed rectal cancer cases infiltrate to adjacent tissues and organs. Satisfactory resection margins obtained by pelvic exenteration can achieve a 5-year survival rate similar to cases that without adjacent tissue invasion. The 5-year survival rate of patients with locally recurrent pelvic malignancies is almost zero if they are treated only with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. To obtain negative margins through pelvic exenteration is the only chance for a long-term survival of these patients. However, pelvic exenteration is a complicated procedure with higher morbidity and mortality. The development of fascia anatomy enables surgeons to have a deeper understanding and comprehensive application of pelvic fasciae. Meanwhile, the improvement of laparoscopic technology provides a clearer view for surgeons and enables the application of minimally invasive techniques in complex pelvic exenteration. The fascial space priority approach is based on the fascia anatomy of pelvis and giving priority to the separation of the pelvic avascular fascial spaces, which provides a reproducible surgical approach for complex pelvic exenteration.

Observational study on perioperative outcomes of pelvic exenteration / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the surgical indications and perioperative clinical outcomes of pelvic exenteration (PE) for locally advanced, recurrent pelvic malignancies and complex pelvic fistulas. Methods: This was a descriptive study.The indications for performing PE were: (1) locally advanced, recurrent pelvic malignancy or complex pelvic fistula diagnosed preoperatively by imaging and pathological examination of a biopsy; (2)preoperative agreement by a multi-disciplinary team that non-surgical and conventional surgical treatment had failed and PE was required; and (3) findings on intraoperative exploration confirming this conclusion.Contraindications to this surgical procedure comprised cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, poor nutritional status,and mental state too poor to tolerate the procedure.Clinical data of 141 patients who met the above criteria, had undergone PE in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2018 to September 2022, had complete perioperative clinical data, and had given written informed consent to the procedure were collected,and the operation,relevant perioperative variables, postoperative pathological findings (curative resection), and early postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: Of the 141 included patients, 43 (30.5%) had primary malignancies, 61 (43.3%) recurrent malignancies, 28 (19.9%) complex fistulas after radical resection of malignancies,and nine (6.4%)complex fistulas caused by benign disease. There were 79 cases (56.0%) of gastrointestinal tumors, 30 cases (21.3%) of reproductive tumors, 16 cases (11.3%) of urinary tumors, and 7 cases (5.0%) of other tumors such mesenchymal tissue tumors. Among the 104 patients with primary and recurrent malignancies, 15 patients with severe complications of pelvic perineum of advanced tumors were planned to undergo palliative PE surgery for symptom relief after preoperative assessment of multidisciplinary team; the other 89 patients were evaluated for radical PE surgery. All surgeries were successfully completed. Total PE was performed on 73 patients (51.8%),anterior PE on 22 (15.6%),and posterior PE in 46 (32.6%). The median operative time was 576 (453,679) minutes, median intraoperative blood loss 500 (200, 1 200) ml, and median hospital stay 17 (13.0,30.5)days.There were no intraoperative deaths. Of the 89 patients evaluated for radical PE surgery, the radical R0 resection was achieved in 64 (71.9%) of them, R1 resection in 23 (25.8%), and R2 resection in two (2.2%). One or more postoperative complications occurred in 85 cases (60.3%), 32 (22.7%)of which were Clavien-Dindo grade III and above.One patient (0.7%)died during the perioperative period. Conclusion: PE is a valid option for treating locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies and complex pelvic fistulas.

Laparoscopic versus open pelvic exenteration for locally advanced rectal cancer: analysis of short- and long-term effects / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To explore the feasibility, safety, and short- and long-term efficacy of laparoscopic pelvic exenteration (LPE) in treating locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 173 patients who had undergone pelvic exenteration (PE) for locally advanced rectal cancer that had been shown by preoperative imaging or intraoperative exploration to have invaded beyond the mesorectal excision plane and adjacent organs in the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (n=64) and Peking University First Hospital (n=109) from 2010 January to 2021 December were collected retrospectively. Laparoscopic PE (LPE) had been performed on 82 of these patients and open PE (OPE) on 91. Short- and long-term outcomes (1-, 3-, and 5-year overall and disease-free survival and 1- and 3-year cumulative local recurrence rates) were compared between these groups. Results: The only statistically significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05) was administration of neoadjuvant therapy. Compared with OPE, LPE had a significantly shorter operative time (319.3±129.3 minutes versus 417.3±155.0 minutes, t=4.531, P<0.001) and less intraoperative blood loss (175 [20-2000] ml vs. 500 [20-4500] ml, U=2206.500, P<0.001). The R0 resection rates were 98.8% and 94.5%, respectively (χ2=2.355, P=0.214). At 18.3% (15/82), and the incidence of perioperative complications was lower in the LPE group than in the OPE group (37.4% [34/91], χ2=7.727, P=0.005). The rates of surgical site infection were 7.3% (6/82) and 23.1% (21/91) in the LPE and OPE group, respectively (χ2=8.134, P=0.004). The rates of abdominal wound infection were 0 and 12.1% (11/91) (χ2=10.585, P=0.001), respectively, and of urinary tract infection 0 and 6.6% (6/91) (χ2=5.601, P=0.030), respectively. Postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the LPE than OPE group (12 [4-60] days vs. 15 [7-87] days, U=2498.000, P<0.001). The median follow-up time was 40 (2-88) months in the LPE group and 59 (1-130) months in the OPE group. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 91.3%, 76.0%, and 62.5%, respectively, in the LPE group, and 91.2%, 68.9%, and 57.6%, respectively, in the OPE group. The 1, 3, and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 82.8%, 64.9%, and 59.7%, respectively, in the LPE group and 76.9%, 57.8%, and 52.7%, respectively, in the OPE group. The 1- and 3-year cumulative local recurrence rates were 5.1% and 14.1%, respectively, in the LPE group and 8.0% and 15.1%, respectively, in the OPE group (both P>0.05). Conclusions: In locally advanced rectal cancer patients, LPE is associated with shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss, fewer perioperative complications, and shorter hospital stay compared with OPE. It is safe and feasible without compromising oncological effect.

Recognition of empty pelvic syndrome and its prevention and treatment / 中华胃肠外科杂志

With the development of existing surgical techniques, equipment and treatment concepts, more and more medical centers begin to carry out extensive resection for recurrent pelvic malignant tumors or those with multivisceral invasion. Exenteration may facilitate curative resection and improve the outcome of the patients. Therefore, pelvic exenteration has gradually become the standard of care for locally advanced pelvic malignancies. At present, pelvic exenteration leads to high intraoperative and postoperative complications and mortality, and therefore compromise the safety and long-term quality of life. Cumulating evidences suggest remnant cavity after exenteration might trigger the pathophysiological process and cause downstream complications which can be defined as empty pelvis syndrome. The literature related to empty pelvic syndrome was summarized, the possible cause of empty pelvic syndrome was analyzed. After the pelvic exenteration, the closed pelvic residual cavity formed continuous negative pressure with the gradual absorption of air in the cavity, bacterial propagation, and accumulation of fluid, which had an impact on the distribution of organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavity. At the same time, whether physical processes also play a role in the occurrence of empty pelvic syndrome remains to be explored. It is concluded that the diagnosis is mainly based on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations and radiological findings, and the history of pelvic exenteration is the most important indicator in the diagnosis. In terms of prevention measures, we should identify the high-risk groups of the occurrence of empty pelvic syndrome, and then take accurate and individualized preventive measures. Various new biomaterials have more advantages in preventive pelvic cavity filling than traditional human tissue filling. Mesentery plays an important role in the morphology, peristalsis and arrangement of the small intestine. More attention should be paid to reducing the ectopic placement of the small intestine into the pelvic cavity by protecting the mesentery structure and restoring or rebuilding the mesentery morphology. In terms of treatment measures, there is still a lack of standard treatment pathway for empty pelvic syndrome.

Difficulties and challenges of pelvic exenteration in locally advanced rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

In recent years, with advances in pelvic oncology and surgical techniques, surgeons have redefined the boundaries of pelvic surgery. Combined pelvic exenteration is now considered the treatment of choice for some patients with locally advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer, but it is only performed in a few hospitals in China due to the complexity of the procedure and the large extent of resection, complications, and high perioperative mortality. Although there have been great advances in oncologic drugs and surgical techniques and equipment in recent years, there are still many controversies and challenges in the preoperative assessment of combined pelvic organ resection, neoadjuvant treatment selection and perioperative treatment strategies. Adequate understanding of the anatomical features of the pelvic organs, close collaboration of the clinical multidisciplinary team, objective assessment and standardized preoperative combination therapy creates the conditions for radical surgical resection of recurrent and complex locally advanced rectal cancer, while the need for rational and standardized R0 resection still has the potential to bring new hope to patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer.

Exenteración pélvica total por cáncer primario del recto: resultados inmediatos y alejados / Total pelvic exenteration for locally advanced rectal tumors: experience in 10 patients

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar los resultados inmediatos y alejados de la exenteración pélvica total (EPT) en el manejo de tumores primarios de recto localmente avanzados. Se describe una alternativa técnica en los casos de EPT supraelevador. La EPT puede ser la única oportunidad de curación en pacientes con tumores pélvicos de gran volumen. Material y método: Se incluyen tumores T4 por la estadificación clínica o los hallazgos operatorios sometidos a una EPT con intención curativa. Resultados: En un periodo de 16 años se intervienen con esta técnica 10 pacientes, 6 de los cuales recibieron radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante. La técnica clásica se empleó en 3 pacientes y la EPT supraelevador, en 6. El promedio de hospitalización fue de 36 días (rango, 18-97) y la morbilidad alcanzó el 80%. El estudio de la pieza operatoria confirmó un tumor T4 en 6 pacientes, T3 en 3 y T0 en uno. Los 6 pacientes con neoadyuvancia son 1 ypT0N0M0, 2 ypIIA, 2 ypIIC y 1 ypIIIB. El resto eran 2 pIIC y 2 pIIIC. En el seguimiento hay 5 pacientes vivos entre 30 y 180 meses, y 3 fallecen por metástasis a distancia sin recidiva local. Conclusión: La EPT es una intervención asociada a una elevada morbilidad y larga estadía hospitalaria. La EPT supraelevador protegida mediante una ileostomía transitoria evitó una colostomía definitiva en 6 de 10 casos. La ileostomía urinaria muestra resultados funcionales satisfactorios en el largo plazo. La sobrevida prolongada en la mitad de los pacientes justifica la indicación de la técnica en casos seleccionados.

Aim: To report the results of total pelvic exenteration (TPE) in patients with locally advanced primary rectal tumors. Material and method: We report 10 patients with stage 4 rectal tumors subjected to a potentially curative TPE in a period of 16 years. Results: Six patients received also adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A classic technique was used in 3 patients and a supra-elevator technique in 6. Mean hospitalization length was 36 days, and 80% of patients had complications. The pathological study of the surgical piece confirmed a T4 tumor in 6 patients, T3 in 3 and T0 in one. Among patients who received chemoradiotherapy, one was in stage ypT0N0M0, 2 in ypIIA, 2 in ypIIC, one in ypIIIB, 2 in pIIC and 2 in pIIIC. During follow up 3 patients survived between 30 and 180 months and three died due to distant metastases without local relapse. Conclusion: TPE requires long hospital stays and has a high rate of complications. Supra-elevator TPE protected with a transitory ileostomy avoided definitive colostomy in 6 of 10 cases. Urinary ileostomy had satisfactory long term functional results. The prolonged survival of half of the patients justifies the use of this surgical technique.

Extended pelvic resections for the treatment of locally advanced and recurrent anal canal and colorectal cancer: technical aspects and morbimortality predictors aftet 24 consecutive cases / Ressecções pélvicas alargadas no tratamento do câncer colorretal e de canal anal localmente avançado ou recidivado: análise dos aspectos técnicos e fatores de morbimortalidade em 24 casos consecutivos

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the profile of morbidity and mortality and its predictors related to extensive pelvic resections, including pelvic exenteration, to optimize the selection of patients and achieve better surgical results. Methods: we performed 24 major resections for anorectal pelvic malignancy from 2008 to 2015 in the Instituto do Câncer do Ceará. The factors analyzed included age, weight loss, resected organs, total versus posterior exenteration, angiolymphatic and perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis and overall and disease-free survival. Results: the median age was 57 years and the mean follow-up was ten months. Overall morbidity was 45.8%, with five (20.8%) serious complications. There were no deaths in the first 30 postoperative days. The median overall survival was 39.5 months, and disease-free survival, 30.7 months. Concomitant resection of the bladder was an isolated prognostic factor for higher risk of complications (87.5% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.009). Angiolymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis did not reach significance with respect to disease-free survival. Conclusion: treatment of advanced anorectal tumors is challenging, often requiring combined resections, such as cystectomy and sacrectomy, and complex reconstructions. The magnitude of the operation still carries a high morbidity rate, but is a procedure considered safe and feasible, with a low mortality and adequate locoregional tumor control when performed in referral centers.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar o perfil de morbimortalidade e seus fatores preditivos relacionados às ressecções pélvicas extensas, incluindo a exenteração pélvica, com o intuito de otimizar a seleção dos pacientes e obtenção de melhores resultados cirúrgicos. Métodos: foram realizadas 24 grandes ressecções pélvicas por neoplasia maligna anorretal de 2008 a 2015 no Instituto do Câncer do Ceará. Os fatores analisados incluíram idade, perda de peso, órgão ressecados, exenteração total versus posterior, invasão angiolinfática e perineural, metástase linfonodal e sobrevida global e livre de doença. Resultados: a mediana de idade foi 57 anos e o tempo médio de seguimento foi dez meses. A morbidade global foi 45,8%, com cinco (20,8%) complicações graves. Não houve óbito nos primeiros 30 dias de pós-operatório. A sobrevida global média foi 39,5 meses e a sobrevida livre de doença foi 30,7 meses. A ressecção concomitante da bexiga foi fator prognóstico isolado com maior risco para complicações (87,5% vs. 26,7%, p=0.009). Invasão angiolinfática e metástase linfonodal não alcançaram significância com relação à sobrevida livre de doença. Conclusão: o tratamento dos tumores anorretais avançados é desafiador, necessitando frequentemente de ressecções combinadas, como a cistectomia e sacrectomia, além de reconstruções complexas. A magnitude da cirurgia ainda carrega uma elevada taxa de morbidade, porém é um procedimento considerado seguro e factível, com uma baixa mortalidade e adequado controle locorregional tumoral quando realizado em centros de referência.

Surgical technique of en bloc pelvic resection for advanced ovarian cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to describe the operative details for en bloc removal of the adnexal tumor, uterus, pelvic peritoneum, and rectosigmoid colon with colorectal anastomosis in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer patients with widespread pelvic involvement. METHODS: The patient presented with good performance status and huge pelvic tumor extensively infiltrating into adjacent pelvic organs and obliterating the cul-de-sac. The patient underwent en bloc pelvic resection as primary cytoreductive surgery. En bloc pelvic resection procedure is initiated by carrying a circumscribing peritoneal incision to include all pan-pelvic disease within this incision. After retroperitoneal pelvic dissection, the round ligaments and infundibulopelvic ligaments are divided. The ureters are dissected and mobilized from the peritoneum. After dissecting off the anterior pelvic peritoneum overlying the bladder with its tumor nodules, the bladder is mobilized caudally and the vesicovaginal space is developed. The uterine vessels are divided at the level of the ureters, and the paracervical tissues (or parametria) are divided. The proximal sigmoid colon is divided above the most proximal extent of gross tumor using a ligating and dividing stapling device. The sigmoid mesentery is ligated and divided including the superior rectal vessels. The pararectal and retrorectal spaces are further developed and dissected down to the level of the pelvic floor. The posterior dissection is progressed and moves to the right and then to the left of the rectum. The rectal pillars including the middle rectal vessels are ligated and divided. Hysterectomy is completed in a retrograde fashion. The distal rectum is divided using a linear stapler. The specimen is removed en bloc with the uterus, adnexa, pelvic peritoneum, rectosigmoid colon, and tumor masses leaving a macroscopically tumor-free pelvis. Colorectal anastomosis was completed using stapling device. RESULTS: En bloc pelvic resection was performed by total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic peritonectomy, and rectosigmoid colectomy with colorectal anastomosis using a stapling device. Complete clearance of pelvic disease leaving no gross residual disease was possible using en bloc pelvic resection. CONCLUSION: En bloc pelvic resection is effective for achieving maximal cytoreduction with the elimination of the pelvic disease in advanced primary ovarian cancer patients with extensive pelvic organ involvement.

Personal technical considerations about en bloc pelvic resection / 부인종양

No abstract available.

Hernia umbilical eviscerada en pacientes cirróticos: reporte de un caso / Eviscerated umbilical hernia in cirrhotic patients: case report

La evisceración espontánea de las hernias umbilicales en pacientes con cirrosis hepática y ascitis es una complicación rara y potencialmente fatal que ocurre en menos de un 2% de los pacientes con esta patología. Se presenta un caso de un paciente masculino de 58 años de edad conocido con el diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática por alcohol, Child B, con síndrome de hipertensión portal, que consultó por dolor abdominal tipo cólico difuso y salida espontánea de líquido ascítico de color amarillo, no fétido, a través de hernia umbilical, de gran tamaño, con erosiones en su superficie. El citoquímico del líquido ascítico fue compatible con peritonitis bacteriana secundaria. Se manejó conjuntamente con cirugía, de forma conservadora con antibioticoterapia parenteral. Al cuarto día se apreció salida del epiplón a través del saco herniario. Se realizó herniorrafia umbilical sin complicaciones, evolucionando satisfactoriamente. Desde el primer caso reportado en 1901, son pocos los casos registrados en la literatura. Los factores precipitantes descritos son traumatismos y aumento de presión intra-abdominal. El manejo de la hernia umbilical en el paciente cirrótico es controversial, cuando se desarrollan complicaciones como la evisceración, la conducta quirúrgica es urgente

Spontaneous evisceration of umbilical hernias in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is a rare and potentially fatal complication that occurs in less than 2% of patients. We report a case of a 58-year old male patient with Child B alcoholic liver cirrhosis,with portal hypertension, who presented with diffuse crampy abdominal pain and spontaneous leaking of yellow not foul ascitic fluid through a large umbilical hernia with superficial tiny erosions. Cytochemical ascitic fluid analysis was consistent with secondary bacterial peritonitis. Patient was managed conservatively with parenteral antibiotics in conjunction with surgery. On fourth day, the omentum was seen through the hernia sac and surgical repair was performed without complications and the patient did well in the postoperative period. Since the first case reported in 1901, there had been few cases reported in the literature. Trauma and increased intra-abdominal pressure are among the precipitants reported. Management of umbilical hernia in cirrhotic patients is controversial, however when they develop complications, surgical treatment become urgent

Evisceración intestinal transvaginal después de histerectomía / Transvaginal intestinal evisceration after hysterectomy

La evisceración intestinal a través de la vagina después de una histerectomía es una complicación rara. Se presenta el caso de mujer posmenopáusica que presentó una evisceración transvaginal del intestino delgado después de que se le realizara una histerectomía abdominal. Se revisa la epidemiología, causas, diagnóstico y tratamiento(AU)

Transvaginal intestinal evisceration after hysterectomy is a uncommon complication. This is the case of a postmenopausal women presenting with transvaginal evisceration of the small intestine after a abdominal hysterectomy. Epidemiology, causes, diagnosis and treatment are analyzed(AU)

Hemipelvectomia externa ampliada para tratar adenocarcinoma de sigmóide / Extended external hemipelvectomy for sigmoid adenocarcinoma treatment

Surgery is the most effective way of treating a locally advanced colorectal carcinoma and an extended en bloc resection is necessary to achieve the best overall survival rate. In this rare case, a multi-visceral resection was performed along with the entire lower left limb and left iliac bone for a sigmoid carcinoma. The T4N0M0 (B3) tumor involved the left iliac vessels, left pelvic wall, small bowel and both rectus muscles, besides presenting with a skin fistula. A Hartmann colostomy was also performed. Chemotheraphy was interrupted because of toxicity. The patient is free of disease after 38 months. There are very few cases that describe an extended hemipelvectomy as part of a colorectal carcinoma treatment.

Pelvic exenteration in advanced and recurrent cervical cancer

Pelvic exenteration consists in a radical surgical procedure for patients with advanced and recurrent cervical cancer and it offers the chance for cure. Surgical techniques have been developed for reducing morbidity and mortality. From July 2005 to September 2009, Pelvic Exenteration was performed for 20 patients with primary advanced cancer cervix and 10 patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma. Full data about the surgery [type of exenteration, type of feacal and urinary diversion, lymph node dissection, and operative morbidity] was recorded. No operation-related mortality, the complications rate was 23.3% and the overall mean survival was 34.7 months [95% CI=28.0-41.5]. Multiple factors were analyzed [univariate analysis] to determine their association with long-term survival. Mean survival was 37.2 months [95% CI 29.7-44.7] in the primary group and was 21.6 months [95% CI=12.8-30.4] in the recurrent group [p=0.033 by Cox regression]. An important prognostic factor was the margin status. Mean survival was 39.2 months [95% CI<=33.0-45.4] for patients with tumor-free resection margins and was 6.4 months [95% CI=3.3-9.5] for those with positive margins [p<0.001 by Cox regression]. In patients with primary advanced cervical cancer, exenteration is a valid alternative to primary chemoradiation. In patients with recurrent tumor limited to the pelvis, secondary exenteration should be offered without post operative mortality although the morbidity rate is still high. Univariate analysis showed that margin status is important prognostic factor for survival

Evisceración Transvaginal post-histerectomía: a propósito de un caso poco frecuente / Intravaginal evisceration post-histerectomy: a uncommon case presentation

La evisceración vaginal es muy poco frecuente. Se presenta normalmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Está relacionada con cirugía vaginal previa, especialmente histerectomía y con debilidad del piso pélvico. Requiere la intervención quirúrgica de emergencia para incluso resecar el tramo de intestino afectado si así lo requiere y reparar el defecto en el fondo vaginal. Se presenta el caso de una Evisceración Vaginal post-histerectomía total abdominal en una mujer de 39 años, que se repara por vía vaginal y evoluciona favorablemente.

Vaginal evisceration is not common. Normally, it presents in postmenopausal women. It is related to previous vaginal surgery, especially hysterectomy and to weakness of pelvic floor. It requires emergence surgical intervention to resection of the involved bowel portion if it was necessary, and to repair defect of vaginal fundus. This is a case of vaginal evisceration post-hysterectomy in a woman aged 39, repaired by vaginal route with a favorable evolution.

Robotic Surgery for Cervical Cancer

The development of robotic technology has facilitated the application of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment and evaluation of patients with early, advanced, and recurrent cervical cancer. The application of robotic technology for selected patients with cervical cancer and the data available in the literature are addressed in the present review paper. The robotic radical hysterectomy technique developed at the Mayo Clinic Arizona is presented with data comparing 27 patients who underwent the robotic procedure with 2 matched groups of patients treated by laparoscopic (N = 31), and laparotomic radical hysterectomy (N = 35). A few other studies confirmed the feasibility and safety of robotic radical hysterectomy and comparisons to either to the laparoscopic or open approach were discussed. Based on data from the literature, minimally invasive techniques including laparoscopy and robotics are preferable to laparotomy for patients requiring radical hysterectomy, with some advantages noted for robotics over laparoscopy. A prospective randomised trial is currently being perfomred under the auspices of the American Association of Gyneoclogic Laparoscopists comparing minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (laparoscopy or robotics) with laparotomy. For early cervical cancer radical parametrectomy and fertility preserving trachelectomy have been performed using robotic technology and been shown to be feasible, safe, and easier to perform when compared to the laparoscopic approach. Similar benefits have been noted in the treatment of advanced and recurrent cervical cancer where complex procedures such as extraperitoneal paraortic lymphadenectomy and pelvic exenteration have been required. CONCLUSION: Robotic technology better facilitates the surgical approach as compared to laparoscopy for technically challenging operations performed to treat primary, early or advanced, and recurrent cervical cancer. Although patient advantages are similar or slightly improved with robotics, there are multiple advantages for surgeons.

A exenteração pélvica no tratamento do câncer de reto estádio T4: experiência de 15 casos operados / Pelvic exenteration for T4 rectal cancer: a series of 15 ressectable cases

RACIONAL: A exenteração pélvica tem sido a melhor opção terapêutica radical para o tratamento dos tumores de reto T4. No entanto, essa operação ainda permanece com mortalidade significante e alta morbidade. OBJETIVO: Relatar série de 15 casos de exenteração pélvica para tumores de reto T4, analisando a morbidade, mortalidade e sobrevida dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 15 pacientes com câncer de reto T4 no Serviço de Cirurgia Geral - Oncocirurgia do Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual de São Paulo, SP, submetidos a exenteração pélvica no período de 1998 e 2006. Sete eram do sexo masculino enquanto oito eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 65 anos. Todos apresentavam sintomas incapacitantes. As operações foram: exenteração infra-elevadora (n = 6), exenteração supra-elevadora (n = 4), exenteração posterior (n = 3) e exenteração posterior com cistectomia e ureterectomia parciais (n = 2). RESULTADOS: A média de tempo cirúrgico foi de 403 minutos (280-485). A média de sangramento foi de 1620 mL (300-4800). A mortalidade pós-operatória foi de 6,66 por cento (n = 1). A morbidade pós-operatória foi de 53,3 por cento (n = 8). Os exames histológicos evidenciaram que todas as ressecções foram R0. Envolvimento linfonodal foi observado em quatro pacientes (26,66 por cento) sendo que todos faleceram em decorrência da neoplasia. A sobrevida global em cinco anos foi de 35,7 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A exenteração pélvica ainda apresenta alta morbidade, no entanto permanece justificada, pois pode conferir maior controle do câncer de reto T4 em longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic exenteration is the best therapeutic choice for treatment of T4 rectal cancer. Although, this operation still presents considerable mortality and high morbidity. AIM: To report on a series of 15 patients with a T4 rectal cancer at a general hospital and describe the outcomes (morbidity, mortality and long-term survival) following pelvic exenteration. METHODS: Complete follow-up data were available on 15 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for T4 rectal cancer between 1998 and 2006. These subjects comprised seven men and eight women with a mean age of 65 years. All of them presented serious incapacitating complaints. The surgical procedures included: infraelevator exenteration (n = 6), supraelevator exenteration (n = 4), posterior exenteration (n = 3) and, posterior exenteration plus partial cystectomy and ureterectomy (n = 2). RESULTS: The mean duration of surgery was 403 minutes (280-485). The mean blood loss was 1620 mL (300-4.800). The postoperative mortality was 6,66 percent (n = 1). The overall rate morbidity was 53,3 percent (n = 8). The pathological examination showed that all resections were R0. Lymph node involvement was present in four patients (26,66 percent), and all of them died due to tumor recurrence. The overall 5-year survival rate was 35,7 percent. CONCLUSION: In spite of its aggressive nature and high morbidity, pelvic exenteration seems justified in rectal carcinoma when the disease extends to the urinary or genital tract. This procedure may offer long-term disease control.

Exenteración pélvica total: indicaciones, técnica y resultados / Total pelvic exenteración: indications, technique and results

Propósito: La exenteración pélvica total (EPT) puede ser la única posibilidad de curación en tumores pélvicos con compromisos multivisceral, procedimiento que se asocia a una elevada morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los resultados de la EPT y revisar su rol actual, con especial referencia al cáncer de recto localmente avanzado. Método: Revisión retrospectiva de los resultados inmediatos y alejados de la EPT en pacientes consecutivos intervenidos por el autor. Análisis de la literatura especializada de la última década referente a la EPT. Se utilizó una modificación técnica de la ileostomía urinaria que consiste en el implante directo de cada uréter que queda colgando en el asa ileal sin anastomosis. La EPT supraelevador permite preservar el aparato esfinteriano anorrectal, sin comprometer la radicalidad oncológica de la intervención. Resultados: En un período de 9 años se intervinieron 7 pacientes, 5 hombres (promedio de edad 49 años) portadores de un cáncer de recto localmente avanzado; una mujer de 67 con una fístula rectovesicovaginal actínica y una mujer de 48 años con un tumor ovárico gigante con compromiso de vejiga, recto, colon e íleon. En 4 pacientes se intentó una EPT supraelevador con anastomosis colorrectal ultrabaja o coloanal, con éxito en 3 de ellos. La morbilidad mayor fue del 43 por ciento, dos pacientes fueron intervenidos exitosamente por complicaciones quirúrgicas y no hubo mortalidad operatoria. En el seguimiento alejado la paciente actínica está viva y completa 96 meses de observación. De los 6 pacientes neoplásicos, 3 pacientes fallecen a los 65,20 y 6 meses, respectivamente, por enfermedad diseminada, otro fallece por causa no relacionada y hay dos vivos y laboralmente activos con una sobrevida de 18 y 51 meses respectivamente. En los pacientes intervenidos por un cáncer de recto localmente avanzado, la revisión de la literatura actual muestra una drástica reducción de la mortalidad operatoria de la EPT con un 6 por ciento promedio (extremos 0-12), aunque la morbilidad mayor se mantiene alta (35 al 60 por ciento). La sobrevida a largo plazo puede alcanzar el 40 por ciento, lo que es satisfactorio para tumores inicialmente considerados ôirresecablesõ y podría mejorar con radioquimioterapia preoperatoria.

Exenteração pélvica e preservação dos esfíncteres: análise de 96 casos / Pelvic exenteration and sphincter preservation: an analysis of 96 cases

A exenteração pélvica é método efetivo no tratamento de tumores pélvicos localmente avançados. As cirurgias mais conservadoras, com preservação funcional dos esfíncteres e reconstrução continente dos tratos intestinal e urinário podem melhorar a qualidade de vida e estimular os pacientes a aceitar a cirurgia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados da exenteração pélvica no tratamento dos tumores pélvicos localmente avançados em relação à preservação dos esfícteres e fatores associados ao prognóstico. Com os resultados deste estudo podemos concluir que houve aumento da frequência de margens cirúrgicas comprometidas nem prejuízo na sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos à exenteração pélvica com preservação dos esfíncteres / Pelvic exenteration (PE) is an effective method for treating locally advanced pelvic tumors. More conservative surgeries, preserving sphincteres and continent reconstruction of the intestinal and urinary tarct, which could contribute to a better quality of life and encourage patients to accept this procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of PE in the treatment of locally advanced pelvic tumors, mainly considering sphincter preservation and factors associated to rhe prognosis. Between 1980 and 2000, 96 PE were performed. Factors related tosphincter preservation as well as factors associated to prognosis were respectively analyzed. Of the 96 patients treated with pelvic exenteration, at least one sphincter in 36 patients was preserved (37.5per cent) in the 1990's, the sphincter preservation rate was significantly higher than in the 1980's and coloproctogical tumors...

Espectro clínico de la fístula rectovaginal: análisis de 38 pacientes / Clinical phantom of rectovaginal fistula: analysis of 38 patients

Se revisa en forma retrospectiva los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de 38 pacientes intervenidas en forma consecutiva por una fístula rectovaginal (FRV) en un período de 12 años. Se define como simple una FRV baja, menor de 2.5 cm y de origen traumático o infeccioso y compleja una FRV alta, mayor de 2.5 cm y de origen neoplásico, actínico o inflamatorio. La etiología más común fue la neoplásica en el 39 por ciento (15/38) de los casos: debido a persistencia tumoral de un cáncer cervicouterino (Ca CU) tratado con radioterapia y/o cirugía en 10 pacientes, cáncer de recto en 3 y cáncer de ano en 2. En 2 pacientes con cáncer de recto se efectuó cirugía radical con conservación de esfínteres en una de ellas y exenteración posterior en la otra con una sobrevida de 70 meses libre de enfermedad y fallecimiento a los 60 meses respectivamente. En los 2 casos de cáncer anal se realizó una exenteración posterior por persistencia tumoral luego de recibir radioquimioterapia según el esquema de Nigro. La FRV actínica se presentó en el 34 por ciento (13/38) de los casos, 12 de las cuales fueron sometidas a una operación de Parks (anastomosis coloanal con mucosectomía rectal) con éxito en todos los casos, quedando un 40 por ciento de ellas con algún disturbio de la continencia. 4 pacientes (11 por ciento) corresponden a una complicación quirúrgica luego de cirigía pélvica, 3 de las cuales cierran sólo mediante una desfuncionalización. Las FRV de origen obstetrico (16 por ciento) se corrigieron mediante una reparación local generalmente mediante un colgajo rectal grueso y reparación esfinteriana simultánea con resultados satisfactorios . En los casos de persistencia tumoral por Ca CU se logró una desfuncionalización adecuada en la mayoría de los casos mediante una sigmoidostomía en asa con una sobrevida de hasta 26 meses. En esta serie, el 84 por ciento de los casos corresponden a FRV complejas y el 50 por ciento de ellas fueron sometidas a una reparación de cirugía radical por vía abdominal sin necesidad de una ostomía definitiva. Las series de FRV son muy heterogéneas probablemente por patrones de referencia distintos, lo que hace difícil hacer un análisis comparativo

Exenteración pélvica con técnica isquemica: opción terapéutica en carcinomas pélvicos avanzados o recurrentes / Pelvic exenteration withischemic technique: therapeutic option in advanced or recurrent pelvic carcinomas

Introducción: el tratamiento del carcinoma cervicouterino en etapa invasora es limitado. La exenteración pélvica se acompaña de elevada morbilidad y mortalidad.Objetivo: describir la experiencia del manejo de carcinoma pélvico avanzado o recurrente, utilizando una técnica quirúrgica de exenteración pélvica precedida de isquemia regional.Material y método: se realizó exenteración pélvica en dos tiempos, en el primero se tomaron biopsias transoperatorias de nódulos, ganglios o zonas sospechosas de actividad tumoral, tanto de cavidad abdominal como de retroperitoneo. En caso de reporte negativo, se realizó conducto ileal de Bricker o vejiga cecal, así como colostomía y se ligó la arteria mesentérica inferior y ambas arterias hipogástricas inmediatamente después de su nacimiento. Siete días después, en el segundo tiempo quirúrgico, se realizó exenteración al extraer en bloque el contenido pélvico.Resultados: se presentan los resultados de tres mujeres con neoplasia avanzada o recurrente, clínicamente desahuciadas por carcinoma vesical de células transicionales, carcinoma adenoescamoso del cérvix uterino etapa II B, y carcinoma cervical de estirpe epidermoide queratinizante de células grandes. La edad promedio fue de 51.7 ñ 10 años. No se presentaron complicaciones graves. La hemorragia promedio fue de 700 mL (500 a 1,000 mL). Dos de las pacientes se mantienen libres de actividad tumoral, con una supervivencia de 24.3 (1-60) meses.Discusión: la exenteración pélvica con técnica isquémica mejora la operabilidad y resecabilidad tumoral, abate de manera significativa la morbilidad y mortalidad, además de ofrecer una opción de tratamiento en los pacientes con tumores pélvicos avanzados o recurrentes.